My unpublished papers can be found on my page at the Social Sciences Research Network. My published works are listed below:

Books

• Transparent Lives:  Surveillance in Canada (Athabasca University Press, 2014). Co-edited with Kevin Haggerty, David Lyon and Valerie Steeves.
• Security Games: Surveillance and Control at Mega-Events (London: Routledge, 2011). Co-edited with Kevin Haggerty.
• The Privacy Advocates: Resisting the Spread of Surveillance (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2008). (Introductory chapter available in PDF format here.)
• Playing the Identity Card: Surveillance, Security and Identification in Global Perspective (London: Routledge, 2008). Co-edited with David Lyon. (Introductory chapter available in PDF format here.)
• The Governance of Privacy: Policy Instruments in Global Perspective (Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Press, 2003) (Second and Revised edition, MIT Press 2006). Co-authored with Charles D. Raab.
• Visions of Privacy: Policy Choices for the Digital Age (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999). Co-edited with Rebecca Grant.
• Regulating Privacy: Data Protection and Public Policy in Europe and the United States (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1992).

To learn more about these texts, click here.

Journal Articles

• “Understanding the Micro in Political Micro-Targeting:  An Analysis of Facebook Digital Advertising in the 2019 Federal Canadian Election,”  Canadian Journal of Communication. 46(3):  431-459 (2021)
• The Council of Europe’s Modernized Convention on Personal Data Protection:  Why Canada Should Consider Accession CIGI Paper No. 246 (November 2020)
• “Data-driven elections,”  Internet Policy Review, Vol 8. No. 1 (Special Issue, co-edited with David Lyon)

• Data-Driven Elections in Canada: What we might expect in the 2019 Federal Election Campaign,  Journal of Parliamentary and Political Law, Vol 13 (September 2019):  301-313
• “Data-Driven Elections and Political Parties in Canada:  Privacy Implications, Privacy Policies and Privacy Obligations,” Canadian Journal of Law and Technology, Vol 16, No 2 (November 2018);  195-226
• “What is an Ombudsperson: Global Diffusion, International Standardization and Institutional Diversification,”  Political Studies Review, November 2018 (with Norman J. Dolan).
• “Global Data Protection:  Adequate Laws, Accountable Organizations or Data Localization,” Proceedings of the 2018 ACM International Joint Conference and 2018 International Symposium on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing and Wearable Computers, pp. 880-90 (October 2018) (with Smith Oduro-Marfo)
• Revisiting the Governance of Privacy: Contemporary Policy Instruments in Global Perspective” Regulation and Governance, vol. 12, no. 3 (September 2018) (with Charles D. Raab)
• “The European General Data Protection Regulation: An instrument for the globalization of privacy standards? Information Polity, vol. 23, No. 2 (June 2018)
• “If these Canadians lived in the United States, how would they protect their privacy?” First Monday, Volume 22, No. 3 (March 6, 2017) (with Priscilla M. Regan and Robin M. Bayley)
• Voter databases, micro-targeting, and data protection law: can political parties campaign in Europe as they do in North America?International Data Privacy Law Vol 6, No. 4: 261-275 (December 2016)

• GPEN: A Growing Network, but How Much Enforcement?” Privacy Laws and Business International, Vol 138 (October 2015), pp. 19-21.
• “Trends in Voter Surveillance in Western Societies:  Privacy Intrusions and Democratic Implications.” Surveillance and Society, Vol 13, No. 3/4 (2015).
• “Canada’s  Digital Privacy Act introduced breach notification et al.,” Privacy Laws and Business International, Issue 136 (August 2015), pp. 12-13.
• “Canada’s Supreme Court allows Warrantless Mobile Phone Search,” Privacy Laws and Business International, Issue 133 (February 2015), p. 29.
• “Canada’s Anti Spam Law in force July 1st,” Privacy Laws and Business International, Issue 129 (June 2014), pp. 19-20.
• “Real and Substantial Connections:  Enforcing Canadian Privacy Laws against American Social Networking Companies,” Journal of Law, Information and Science, Vol 23, No. 1 (2014) (with Adam Molnar and Christopher Parsons).
• “The Politics of Privacy and the Privacy of Politics: Parties, Elections and Voter Surveillance in Western Democracies,  First Monday, Vol. 18, No. 8 (August 5, 2013).
• “Privacy, Elections and Political Parties:  Emerging Issues,” Privacy Laws and Business International, Issue 123 (June 2013), pp. 26-29.
• “Data Point: What Political Parties Know about You,”  Policy Options, Vol 34, No 2 (February 2013), pp. 51-55.
• “The Geo-Politics of Personal Data,” Harvard International Review, December 14, 2012.
• “Cyber-Surveillance in Everyday Life,” Surveillance and Society, Vol 9, No. 4 (June 2012) (special issue co-edited with Andrew Clement and Kate Milberry).
• “In Defense of Privacy: The Concept and the Regime,” Surveillance and Society, Vol 8, No. 4 (April 2011).
• “Privacy Advocacy from the Inside and the Outside: Implications for the Politics of Personal Data Protection in Networked Societies,” Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, Vol. 13, No. 2 (April 2011), pp. 125-141.
• “Storming the Barricades so we can all be Private Together: Everyday Surveillance and the Politics of Privacy Advocacy,” Leviathan, Vol. 25 (2010) “Sichtbarkeitsregime: œberwachung, Sicherheit und Privatheit im 21 Jahrhundert,” pp. 299-320.
• International Privacy Standards: Can Accountability be Adequate?  Privacy Laws and Business International, Vol. 106 (August 2010), pp. 21-23.
• International Privacy Standards: A Continuing Convergence?  Privacy Laws and Business International, Vol. 105 (June 2010), pp. 13-14.
• Privacy Impact Assessments:  International Experience as a Basis for UK Guidance,  Computer Law and Security Report, Vol. 24 (2008), pp. 233-242 (with A. Warren, R. Clarke, A.Charlesworth and R. Bayley).
• Surveillance and Mobilities,  Surveillance and Society, Vol 1, No. 4 (2004) (with Priscilla Regan).
• The State of Privacy in the Canadian State: Fallout from 9-11, Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, Vol. 11 (2003), pp. 2-11 (with Martin French).
• Information Policy and Information Privacy: International Arenas of Governance, Journal of Law, Technology and Policy, Vol. 2 (December 2002), pp. 385-406.
• The Privacy Commissioner of Canada: Multiple Roles, Diverse Expectations and Structural Dilemmas, Canadian Public Administration, Vol. 46, No. 2 (2003), pp. 218-242.
• Cookies, Web Bugs, Webcams and Cue Cats: Patterns of Surveillance on the World Wide Web, Ethics and Information Technology, Vol. 3, No. 3, (2001), pp. 197-210.
• “An International Standard for the Protection of Personal Information: Objections to the Objections,” Internet Law Policy Forum, September 2000.

Book Chapters

• “From the Doorstop to the Database: Political Parties, Campaigns and Personal Privacy Protection in Canada.” in Norman Witzleb, Moira Paterson and Janice Richardson (eds), Big Data, Political Campaigning and the Law: Democracy and Privacy in the Age of Micro-targeting (Abingdon UK: Routledge, 2018) (with Michael McDonald).

• “Privacy Protection in the Era of Big Data: Regulatory Challenges and Social Assessments,” in Bart van der Sloot, Dennis Broeders and Erik Schrijvers, Exploring the Boundaries of Big Data (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2015), pp. 205-227, with Robin M. Bayley.
• “Privacy, Surveillance and the Democratic Potential of the Social Web,” in Beate Roessler and Dorota Mokrosinska, Social Dimensions of Privacy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015), pp. 202-222, with C. Parsons and A. Molnar.
• Forgetting, Non-Forgetting and Quasi-Forgetting in Social Networking: Canadian Policy and Corporate Practice, in S. Gutwirth, R. Leenes and P. de Hert, Reloading Data Protection (Dordrecht: Springer, 2014), pp. 41-59, with C. Parsons and A. Molnar.
• Privacy and Surveillance: The Multidisciplinary Literature on the Capture, Use and Disclosure of Personal Information in Cyberspace, in W. Dutton, The Oxford Handbook of Internet Studies (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 486-508, with Christopher Parsons.
• “The Accountability Approach to Privacy and Data Protection: Assumptions and Caveats,” in D. Gauguin et al. Managing Privacy through Accountability (Basingstoke:  Palgrave, 2012).
• “Privacy Advocates, Privacy Advocacy and the Surveillance Society,” in K. Ball, K.D. Haggerty and D. Lyon, Routledge Handbook of Surveillance Studies (London: Routledge, 2012).
• “Privacy Impact Assessments in Canada,” in David Wright and Paul de Hert, Privacy Impact Assessment (Springer: 2011).
• Unsafe at any Altitude: The Comparative Politics of No-Fly Lists in the United States and Canada, in M. B. Salter, Politics at the Airport (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008).
• What Happens when you Book an Airline Ticket? The Collection and Processing of Passenger Data Post-9/11, in E. Zureik and M. B. Salter, Global Surveillance and Policing (Portland: Wilan, 2005).
• Surveillance, Employment and Location: Regulating the Privacy of Mobile Workers in the Mobile Workplace, in S. O. Hansson and E. Palm, The Ethics of Workplace Privacy (Brussels: Peter Lang, 2005).
• Video Surveillance and Privacy Protection Law in Canada, in S. Nouwt, B. R. de Vries, and C. Prins, Reasonable Expectations of Privacy (The Hague: Asser Press, 2005).
• Emergent Locations: Implementing Wireless 9-1-1 in Texas, Virginia and Toronto, in L.Cranor and S.Wildman, Rethinking Rights and Regulations (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2003), with D. Phillips and P. Regan.
• People and Place: Patterns of Individual Identification within Intelligent Transportation Systems, in David Lyon, Surveillance as Social Sorting: Privacy, Risk and Digital Discrimination (London: Routledge, 2003), with P. Regan and C.D. Raab.

Reports

• Personal Data Processing by, and for, Political Campaigns: The Application of the Council of Europe’s Modernized Convention 108. Report to Council of Europe Consultative Committee on Convention for the Protection of Individuals with respect to Automated Processing of Personal Data (December 2020)

• Privacy, Voter Surveillance and Democratic Engagement: Challenges for Data Protection Authorities.  Report to UK Information Commissioner’s Office presented at International Conference of Privacy and Data Protection Commissioners (October 2019) (with S. Oduro Marfo)
• Data Analytics in Canadian Elections:  Our Data, Ourselves.  Report for Tactical Tech (July 2018).
• Federal Political Parties and Personal Privacy Protection:  A Comparative Analysis.  A Report to the Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada, May 2012 (Co-authored with R. Bayley).
• Privacy Impact Assessments: An International Study of their Application and Effects. Report to the UK Information Commissioner, December 2007 (Co-authored with A. Charlesworth, A. Warren, R. Clarke, R. Bayley), together with Appendix of Country Case Studies.
• Saying What you Do and Doing what you Say: Arguments and Prospects for an International Privacy Standard. Report to the Office of the Privacy Commissioner, September 2007. (Also available in French: PDF.)
• Location-Based Service and the Surveillance of Mobility: An Analysis of Privacy Risks in Canada. A Report to the Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada, under the 2004-05 Contributions Program, June 2005 (Co-authored with L. Crowe).
• What Government Should Know about Privacy: A Foundation Paper. Prepared for the Ontario Information Technology Executive Leadership Council Privacy Conference, June 19, 2001.
• Globalization and Access to Information Regimes. A Report to the Canadian Access to Information Review Task Force, June-August 2001.
• Application of a Methodology designed to Assess the Adequacy of the Level of Protection of Individuals with regard to Processing Personal Data: Test of the Method on Several Categories of Transfer. European Commission Tender No. XV/97/18/D, September 1998 (Co-authored with C.D. Raab, R.M. Gellman and N. Waters).
• Prospects for an International Standard for the Protection of Personal Information. A Report to the Standards Council of Canada, August 1997.
• Implementing Privacy Codes of Practice. Rexdale: Canadian Standards Association, PLUS 8830, August 1995.
• Privacy in the Political System: Perspectives from Political Science and Economics. A report written for the Ethical, Legal and Social Issues (ELSI) component of the Human Genome Project, U.S. Department of Energy (coordinated by Alan F. Westin), 1995, revised 2001.